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P. 125, ex. 5
1. My preference lies with the genre of portrait painting because its intent is to depict the visual appearance of the subject. Beside human beings, aninrals, pets and even inanimate objects can be chosen as the subject for a portrait. In addition to portrait painting, portraits can also be made in other media such as marble, bronze, ivory, wood, ceramic, etching, lithography, photography, even video and digital media.
The term 'portrait painting' can also describe the actual painted portrait. Portraitists create their work by commission, for public and private persons, or are inspired by admiration or affection for the subject. Portraits are often important state and family records, as well as remembrances. If an artist portrays him- or herself, the result is called a self-portrait.
A well-executed portrait, is expected to show the inner essence of the subject (from the artist's point of view) or a I'lattering representation, not just a literal likeness.
Artists may strive for photographic realism or an impressionistic similarity in depicting their subject, but this differs from a caricature which attempts to reveal character through exaggeration of physical features.
Charles Dickens said «there are only two styles of portrait painting: the serious and the smirk.» Even given these limitations, a full range of emotions is possible from quiet menace to gentle r.ontentment. However, with the mouth relatively neutral, much of the facial expression needs to be created through the eyes and eyebrows.
As author and artist Gordon C. Aymar states, «the eyes are the place one looks for the most complete, reliable, and pertinent information» about the subject. And the eyebrows can register, «almost single-handedly„wonder, pity, fright, pain, cynicism, concentration, wistfulness, displeasure, and expectation, in infinite variations and combinations.»
Among the other possible variables, the subject can be indoors or out; standing, seated, and even horse-mounted. Portrait paintings ean be of individuals, couples, parents and children, families, or collegial groups. They can be created in various media including oils, watercolor, pen and ink, pencil, charcoal, pastel etc. Artists may employ a wide-ranging palette of colors, as with Pierre-Auguste Renoir's On The Terrace (1881) or restrict themselves to mostly white or black, as with Gilbert Stuart's Portrait of George Washington (1796).
Sometimes. the overall size of the portrait is an important consideration. Chuck Close's enormous portraits created for museum display differ greatly from most portraits designed to fit in the home or to travel easily with the client. Frequently, an artist takes into account where the final portrait will hang and the colors and style of the surrounding dfrcor.
Creating a portrait can take considerable time, usually requiring several sittings.
Cfrzanne, on one extreme, insisted on over 100 sittings from his subject. In the 18th century, it would typically take about one year to deliver a completed portrait to a client.
Central to the successful execution of the portrait is a mastery of human anatomy.
Human faces are asymmetrical and skillful portrait artists reproduce this with subtle left-right differences. Artists need to be knowledgeable about the underlying bone and tissue structure to make a good portrait.
Self-portraits are usually produced with the help of a mirror, and the finished result is a mirror-image portrait, a reversal of what occurs in a normal portrait when sitter and artist are opposite each other. In a self-portrait,, a righted handed artist would appear to be holding a brush in the left hand, unless the artist deliberately corrects the image or uses a second reversing mirror v;bile painting.
A successful portrait can gain the life-long gratitude of a client. Count Balthasar was so pleased with the portrait Raphael had created of his wife that he told the artist, «That image is my delight; I direct my smiles to it, it is my joy».
Portrait painting can depict the subject 'full length', 'half length', 'head and shoulders' (also ceiled a «bust.»), or 'head', as well ss in profile, «three-quarter view», or «fuH t'ace», with varying direct!ons of light and shadow. Occasionally, artists have created portraits with multiple views, as with Sir Anthony van Dyck's «Triple Portrait of Charles I».
There are even a few portraits where the front of the subject is not visible at all. Andrew Wyeth's Christina*s WVorjd (I948) is a fmnous exanlple, where the pose of tire cllppled gil'1 with hel" back turned to 'tile vlewel' lntegl'ates w! th the setti'lg In which she is placed to convey the artist*s interpretation.
HIstol Ical v,. pot'll'a!t palntlllgs have pl"!Inarily IceBlol lahzeli tne rien. Mld powel'ful. Over tlBN'., hAwever, I' 1')ecalue nlo!e con!alon for uuddle.-class p'lll"on. to colnlnfs sion portra",'ts of their fanlihes alai coUeagues. Tod,ly, the portrait paintirlg is still commiss.'oned by governments. corporations, grmlps, I lubs. and individuals.
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