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Ex. 5, p. 111
Antonio Lucio Vivaldi (March 4, 1678 — July 28, 1741), nicknamed il Prete
Rosso («The Red Priest»), was a Venetian priesi, and Baroque music composer,
as well as a famous virtuoso violinist; he was born and raised in the Republic of
Venice. The Four Seasons, a series of four violin conrerti, is his best-known work
and a highly popular Baroque piece.
Antonio Lucio Vivaldi was born in Venice, the capital ol' the Republic of Venice.
He was baptized immediately after his birth at his home by the nddwi l'e. His I'ather,
Giovanni Battista, a barber before becoming a prof'essional violinist, taught hiru to
play violin and then toured Venice playing the violin with his young son.
Vivaldi had a medical problem that he called the tightening of the chest (probably
some 1'orm of asthma). His medical problem, however, did not prevent birn from
learning to play the violin, composing, or taking part in many musical activities.
However, he could not play wind instruments due to his lack of breath. At the age
of 15 in the year of 1693, he began studying to beco>ue a priest. In 1703, at the
age of 25, Vivaldi was ordained a priest and was soon nicknamed il Prete Rosso,
«The Red Priest», probably because of his red hair.
In September 1703, Vivaldi became nraestro di violino (master of violin) at
an orphanage called the Pio Ospedale rlella Pieta (Devout Hospital of Mercy) in
Venice.
Shortly after his appointinent, the orphans began to gain appreciation and esteem
abroad, too; Vivaldi wrote most of his concertos, cantatas, and sacred music for
them. In 1704, the posii,ion of teacher of viola all'inglese was added to his duties
as violin instructor.
In 1709, he lost his job. It was during these years that Vivaldi wrote much of
his music, including many operas and concerti. In 1705, the first collection (Connor
Cassara) of his works was published. This was a resounding success all over Europe,
and was followed in 1714 by La stravaganza (Opus 4), a collection of concerti for solo violin and strings.
In February 1711, Vivaldi and his father went to Brescia, where his setting of the Stabat Mater (RV 621) was played as part of a religious festival. In 1718, Vivaldi began to travel. Despite his frequent travels, the Pieta paid him to write two concerti a month for the orchestra and to rehearse with them at least five times when in Venice. The Pieta's records show that he was paid for 140 concerti between 1723 and 1733.
In 1717 or 1718, Vivaldi was offered a new prestigious position as Maestro di Cappella of the court of the prince Phillip of Hesse-Darmstadt, governor of Mantua. He moved there for three years and produced several operas. He was in Milan, presenting the pastoral drama La Silvia and again the next year with the oratorio L'adorazione. The next big step was a move to Rome in 1722, where his operas introduced the new style and where the new pope Benedict XIII invited Vivaldi to play for him. In 1725, he returned to Venice, where he produced four operas in the same year.
It is also in this period that he wrote the Four Seasons, four violin concertos depicting natural scenes in music,. During his time in Mantua Vivaldi became acquainted with an aspiring young singer, Anna Tessicri Giro, who was to become his student, protAgiie, and favorite prima donna. Anna, along with her older half- sister Paolina, became part ol' Vivaldi's entourage and regularly accompanied him on his many travels.
In 1730, accompanied by his father, he traveled to Vienna and Prague, where his opera Farnace was presented. Vivaldi's life, like those of many composers of the time, ended in l'inancial difficulties. On July 28 he was buried in a simple grave at the Hospital Burial Ground in Vienna. Vivaldi's funeral took place at St. Stephen's Cathedral, where the young Joseph Haydn was then a choir boy.
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