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Ex. 5, p. 88
Samuel Langhorne Clemens, «Mark Twain, was born in Florida, Missouri on
November 30, 1835 to a Tennessee country merchant, John Marshall Clemens and
Jane Lampton Clemens. He was the sixth of seven children. He was born two weeks
after the closest approach to Earth of Halley's Comet.
When Twain was four, his family moved to Hannibal a port town on the
Mississippi River that would serve as the inspiration for the fictional town of St.
Petersburg in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.
At that time, Missouri was a slave state in the Union, and young Twain became
familiar with the institution of slavery, a theme he later explored in his writing.
In March 1847, when Twain was 11, his father died of pneumonia. The following
year, he became a printer's apprentice. In 1851, he began working as a typesetter and
contributor of articles and humorous sketches for the Hannibal Journal, a newspaper
owned by his brother, Orion. When he was 18, he left Hannibal and worked as
a printer in New York City, Philadelphia, St. Louis and Cincinnati. He joined the
union and educated himself in public libraries in the evenings, finding wider sources
of information than he would have at a conventional school. At 22, Twain returned
to Missouri. On a voyage to New Orleans down the Mississippi, the steamboat pilot,
Horace E. Bixby, inspired Twain to likewise pursue a career as a steamboat pilot.
Twain meticulously studied 2,000 miles (3,200 km) of the Mississippi for more than
two years before he received his steamboat pilot license in 1859.
Missouri was a slave state and considered by many to be part of the South, and
was represented in both the Confederate and Federal governments during the Civil
War. When the war began, Twain and his friends fomned a Confederate militia
Twain and his brother traveled for more than two weeks on a stagecoach across
the Great Plains and the Rocky Mountains, visiting the Mormon community in Salt
Lake City along the way. These experiences became the basis of the book Roughing
It, and provided material for The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County.
Twain's journey ended in the silver-mining town of Virginia City, Nevada, where
he became a miner. Twain failed as a miner and found work at a Virginia City
newspaper, the Territorial Enterprise. On February 3, 1863, he signed a humorous
travel account «LETTER FROM CARSON».
Twain then traveled to San Francisco, California, where he continued as
a journalist and began lecturing.
Twain met Charles Langdon, who showed him a picture of his sister Olivia;
Twain claimed to have fallen in love at first sight. They met in 1868, were engaged
a year later, and married in February 1870 in Elmira, New York. The couple lived
in Buffalo, New York from 1869 to 1871. Twain owned a stake in the Buffalo
Express, and worked as an editor and writer. Their son Langdon died of diphtheria
at 19 months.
In 1871, Twain moved his family to Hartford, Connecticut, where starting in
1873 he arranged the building of a dramatic house for them, which local admirers
saved from demolition in 1927 and eventually turned into a museum focused on
him.
During his years in Hartford, Twain became friends with fellow author William
Dean Howells.
Twain made a second tour of Europe, described in the 1880 book A Tramp
Abroad. His tour included a visit to London where, in the summer of 1900, he was
the guest of newspaper proprietor Hugh Gilzean-Retd. He returned to America in
1900, having earned enough to pay off his debts.
In 1906, Twain began his autobiography in the North American Review. Oxford
University awarded him a Doctorate in Letters a year later.
Twain died of a heart attack on April 21, 1910 in Redding, Connecticut, one
day after the comet's closest approach to Earth.
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