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ех. 7 (a)
Dear "English Bridge",
I'd like to tell about the first working air-
plane that was invented, designed, made,
and flown by the Wright brothers, Wilbur Wright (1867 - 1912) and Orvillc Wright (1871 - 1948). Their "Wright Flyer" was a fabric-covered biplane with a wooden frame. The power to the two ргоре11егя was supplied by а 12-horsepower water- cooled engine. On December 17, 1903, the "Flyer" flew for 12 seconds and for а distance of 120 feet (37 111). The flight took place at Кitty Hawk, North Carolina, USA.
Orville and Wilbur Wright were raised in Dayton. Although they did not go to college, the brothers had intuitive technical ability. Before building their airplane, they had built а рrinting press and operated a bicycle repair and sales shop. They constructed their own bicycles. The profits from their bicycle business funded their airplane-building venture. The brothers chose Kitty Hawk to fly their planes because it was an isolated town on North Carolina's Outer Banks that had steady winds and sand dunes on which they could glide and land gently maximizing their safety. The brothers' first glider, tested in 1900, failed to fly. А second trial in 1901 fared better, but they went on improving the design. Later that year, the brothers built a wind tunnel in which they tested over 200 wing and airframe designs. This resulted in a successful glider model (flown in 1902 at Kill Devils Hills near Kitty Hawk).
Back in Ohio, the brothers designed а 12- horsepower internal combustion engine which they planned to use to power the flight of a two-propeller рlanе. The machinist Charles Taylor helped them build a new plane which would use this engine. Returning to Kitty Hawk, they began test flights in 1903. The engine stalled during a December 14 try (with Orville flying). After three days of repairs, the plane accelerated on a monorail track and flew into tlie air, staying up for 12 seconds; it flew 120 feet. That day, the broihers took turns flying the plane. On the last flight that day, Wilbur flew 852 feet in 59 seconds.
During tlie next few years, the brothers developed more sophisticated planes. They later formed the Wright Соmpany,
which built and sold their airplanes. Wilbur Wright died in 1912 of typhoid fever; Orville died in 1948.
The Wright brothers' famous airplane, the "Wright Flyer," is on permanent display at the National Air and Брасе Muscum in Washington, 0.С., USA.
With best regards,
Nick
Dear "English Bridge",
I think that one оf the most important inventions for thе mankind is electric bulb. The first electric light was made in 1800 by IIumphry Davy, an English scientist. Не experimeiited with electricity and invented an electric battery. When he connected wires to his battery and à piece of carbon, the carbon glowed, producing light. This is called an electric arc.
Much later, in 1860, the English physicist Sir Joseph Wilson Swan (1828-1914) was determined to devise a practical, long-lasting electric light. He found that а carbon paper filament worked well, but burned up quickly. In 1878, he demonstrated his new electric lamps in Newcastle, England.
In 1877, the American Сharles Francis Brush manufactured soiric carbon arcs to light a public square in Cleveland, Ohio, USA. These arcs were used on a few streets, in a few large office buildings, and even some stores. Electric lights were only used by a few people.
The inventor Thomas Alva Edison (in the USA) experimented with thousands of different filaments to find just the right materials to glow will and be long-lasting. 1n 1879, Edison discovered that a carbon Bilainent in an oxygen-free bulb glowed but did not burn up for 40 hours. Edison eventually produced a bulb that could glow for over 1500 hours.
Leivis Iloward Latimer (1848 - 1928) improved the bulb by inventing a carbon filament (patented in 1881); Latimer was a member of Edison's research team, which was called "Edison's Pioneers." In 1882, ILatimer developed and patented a method of mauufacturing his carbon filaments. In 1903, Willis В. Whitney invented а treatment for the filament, so that it wouldn't darken inside of bulb as it
glowed. In 1910, William David Coolidge (1873 - 1975) invented a tungsten filament which lasted even longer than the older filaments. The incandescent bulb revolutionized the world.
With best wishes,
Maria
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