Виберіть наступне рішення:
Розпізнання тексту ГДЗ що на зображені:
At home, p. 144
Over the last thirty years, a debate has been ongoing whether a tiny number of Ukrainians settled in Canada before 1891. Most controversial is the claim that Ukrainians may have been infantrymen alongside Poles in the Swiss French "De Meurons" and "De Watteville" regiments who fought for the British on the Niagara penninsula during the War of 1812 - and that Ukrainians were among those soldiers who decided to stay in Upper Canada (southern Ontario). Other Ukrainians supposedly arrived as part of other immigrant groups: claims that individual Ukrainian families may have settled in southern Manitoba in the 1870s alongside blocks of Mennonites and other Germans from the Russian Empire; or that single male Ukrainians were participants in the Russian Empire's exploration parties and fur trade along the western coast of North America (including British Columbia). Because there is so little definitive documentary evidence of individual Ukrainians among these three groups, they are not generally regarded as among the first Ukrainians in Canada.
Settlement - First Wave (1891 - 1914)
The first wave of Ukrainian immigration to Canada began with Iwan Pylypow and Wasyl Eleniak, who arrived in 1891; and brought several families to settle in 1892. Pylypow helped found the Edna-Star Settlement east of Edmonton, the first and largest Ukrainian block settlement. However, it is Dr. Josef Oleskow who is considered responsible for the large Ukrainian Canadian population through his promotion of' Canada as a destination for immigrants from Western Ukraine in the late 1890s. Ukrainians from' Eastern Ukraine, which was ruled by the Russian monarchy, also came to Canada - but in smaller numbers than those from Halychyna and Bukovyna. Approximately 170,000 Ukrainians from the Austro-Hungarian Empire arrived in Canada from 1891 to 1914. This Ukrainian immigration to Canada was largely agrarian, and at first Ukrainian Canadians concentrated in distinct block settlements in the parkland belt of the Prairie provinces. While the Canadian Prairies are often compared to the steppes of Ukraine, the settlers came from Halychyna and Bukovyna - which are not steppe lands, but are wooded areas in the foothills of the Carpathian Mountains. This is why Ukrainians coming to Canada settled in the wooded aspen parklands rather than the open prairies further south. Upon arriving in Canada, the settlers often demanded wooded land from officials so that they would be able to supply their own needs, even ii' this meant taking land that was less productive for crops. They also attached deep importance to settling near to family, people from nearby villages or other culturally similar groups, furthering the growth of the block settlements. By 1914, there were also growing communities of Ukrainian immigrants in eastern Canadian cities. In the early years of settlement Ukrainian immigrants faced considerable amounts of discrimination at the hands of native-born Canadians, an example of which was the internment.
Internment (1914 - 1920)
From 1914 to 1920, the political climate of the First World War allowed the Canadian Government to classify immigrants with Austro-Hungarian citizenship as "aliens of enemy nationality". This classification, authorized by the 1914 War Measures Act, permitted the government to legally compel thousands of Ukrainians in Canada to register with authorities. About 5,000 Ukrainian men, and some women and children, were interned at government camps and work sites. The internment continued for two more years after the war had ended, although most Ukrainians were "paroled" into jobs for private companies by 1917.There are nearly two dozen plaques and memorials in Canada commemorating the internment, including one at the location of a former internment camp in Banff National Park. Most were placed by the Ukrainian Canadian Civil Liberties Association and its supporters. On August 24, 2005, Prime Minister Paul Martin recognized the Ukrainian Canadian internment as a "dark chapter" in Canadian history, and pledged $2.5 million to fund memorials and educational exhibits. On May 9, 2008, the Canadian government established a $10 million fund with the Ukrainian Canadian Foundation of Taras Shevchenko for the commemoration of the experiences of thousands of Ukrainians and other Europeans who were interned between 1914 - 1920 and the suspension of civil liberties of tens of thousands of fellow Canadians. Grants are now available to commemorate and educate other Canadians about what happened.
Settlers, Workers 4 Professionals - Second Wave (1923 -1929)
In 1923, the Canadian government modified the Immigration Act to allow former citizens of the Austrian Empire to once again enter Canada - and Ukrainian immigration started anew. Ukrainians from Volhynia and Bessarabia joined a new wave of emigrants from Galicia and Bukovyna. Around 70,000 Ukrainians from Poland and Romania arrived in Canada from 1924 to 1939. Relatively little farmland remained unclaimed - mostly in the Peace River region of 'northwestern Alberta - and less than half of this group settled as farmers in the Prairie provinces. The majority became workers in the growing industrial centres of the Montreal region and the Eastern Townships of Quebec, southern Ontario, the mines, smelters and forests of northern Ontario, and the small heavy industries of urban western Canada. A few Ukrainian professionals and intellectuals were accepted into Canada at this time; they later became leaders in the Ukrainian Canadian community. The "second wave" was heavily influenced by the struggle for Ukrainian independence during the Russian Civil War, and established two competing fraternal organizations in Canada.
Workers 4 Professionals - Third Wave (1945 - 1952)
Since World War II, most Ukrainians coming to Canada have tended to move to cities in southern Ontario and Quebec - there are now large Ukrainian communities in Toronto and Montreal. In fact more Ukrainians live in the East today than on the Prairies. However, because they make up a much greater percentage of the population in the West, especially in rural areas of the parkland belt, the Ukrainian cultural presence is more keenly felt in western Canada.
- Пошук книги по фільтру
